Urolithiasis in Rostov Region: features of stone formation in 2023–2025
Aim. To determine the prevalence of different urinary stone types in Rostov Region, as well as the frequency and distribution patterns of single-component and mixed stones by sex and age.Saenko V.S., Frolova E.A., Aboyan I.A., Sknar V.A., Shiranov K.A., Khidirbekov M.A., Tsarichenko D.G., Rudenko V.I.
Materials and methods. The chemical composition of 673 urinary stones was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Stones were received in an anonymized form from the Clinical and Diagnostic Center «Zdorovie», Rostov-on-Don, for the period 2023–2025.
Results. A total of 673 urinary stones were analyzed with consideration of patient sex and age. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. Overall, 148 different mineral combinations were identified. Single-component stones were found in 129 cases (19.2% of all stones). Calcium oxalate stones (CaOx) (mono-, dihydrate, and combinations of CaOx monohydrate and dihydrate (COM, COD, COM+COD)) were observed in 55 cases (42.6% of single-component stones and 8.2% of all stones). COM stones predominated over COD and were observed twice as often in men. The remaining CaOx stones were represented by COM+COD. Uric acid (UA) stones, including anhydrous uric acid (AUA) and uric acid dihydrate (UAD), were found in 63 cases (48.8% of all single-component stones and 9.4% of all stones) and were distributed almost equally between men and women. Peak uric acid stone formation in women occurred between 51 and ≥71 years (93.5%), whereas in men it occurred between 41 and 70 years in 90.6%. Cystine stones were identified in 5 cases, only in men.
Single-component calcium phosphate stones (CaP, brushite and carbonate apatite) accounted for only 8.5% of single-component stones and 1.6% of the overall cohort. Struvite as a single-component stone was not identified in any case. Two-component stones accounted for 60.6% of all stones. The most common combination was CaOx and carbonate apatite (CAP), consisting 51.7% of all stones and 85.3% of two-component stones, with predominance in men aged 31–60 years. CaOx+CAP was markedly more common than CAP+CaOx. Combinations of CaOx+struvite, CAP+struvite, CaOx+brushite, and UA+struvite accounted for only 1.5% of two-component stones. The combination of CaOx and UA accounted for 13.2% of two-component stones and predominated in men. The combination of uric acid and a phosphate component was observed in only 2.9% of cases, with a pronounced predominance in men. In both situations, increased prevalence was noted after the age of 30–40 years. A combination of uric acid and ammonium urate was exceptionally rare and was observed in one woman. Multicomponent stones containing three or more minerals accounted for 13.8% of all stones. The predominant combination was CaOx+CAP+UA (62%), while the remaining stones were CaOx+CAP+struvite mixtures.
Conclusion. The assessment of regional trends in stone formation may support empirical clinical decision-making and inform the choice of surgical and conservative management. A substantial proportion of mixed stones may represent a diagnostic and metaphylaxis challenge due to multiple metabolic abnormalities and additional external factors that aggravate crystallization and stone formation. Further periodic studies of regional trends in stone composition are needed to develop specific individualized metaphylaxis approaches and to assess the effficiency of conservative treatment.
Keywords
nephrolithiasis
prevalence of urinary stones
About the Authors
Corresponding author: Saenko V.S. – Ph.D., MD, Associate Professor, Professor, Institute of Urology and Human Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; e-mail: Saenko_vs@mail.ruSimilar Articles
